Dennis X. Hu

NDI-101150 is an oral HPK1 inhibitor discovered by Nimbus Therapeutics and is currently in Ph. I/II clinical trial in advanced solid tumors. HPK1 is a compelling immuno-oncology target due to its critical role in regulating T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cell-mediated immune responses. HPK1-deficient mice demonstrate enhanced anti-tumor T-cell responses and resistance to tumor growth. In this article, we detail the discovery of NDI-101150, as highlighted by Nimbus at the ACS Fall 2024 First-Time Disclosures session, interim results from the clinic, and more.

BridgeBio’s BBO-8520 is a selective, covalent KRAS(G12C) inhibitor which differentiates itself from the pack by engaging the (ON) state of the protein, potentially conferring increased clinical benefit in KRAS(G12C)-driven cancers, including overcoming resistance to current treatments. Disclosed at the 2024 AACR Annual Meeting in San Diego, is currently in a Ph. I trial in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. This article covers the structure, mechanism of action and preclinical efficacy that marks this compound out as one to watch.

The recently released WHO INN proposed names list includes the structure and name of Structure Therapeutics’ oral small molecule GLP-1R agonist, aleniglipron (GSBR-1290). Seemingly emerging from a “fast-follower” program based on Chugai/Eli Lilly’s orforglipron, the compound includes an unusual phosphine oxide motif and has shown positive results on plasma glucose levels and bodyweight in a Ph. IIa study.

The 2024 EFMC-ISMC joint conference in Rome was centered around two first time disclosure sessions which revealed the structures and discovery stories of seven drugs covering a range of hot targets and modalities. This article captures the key highlights from the sessions, detailing the structures and targets of the novel molecules presented, including Novartis’ HIF-2α inhibitor and their folate receptor-targeted RLT, as well as the novel chemical matter of AstraZeneca/Mitsubishi Tanabe’s NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor and a first-in-class MKK4 inhibitor for liver regeneration.

AstraZeneca recently disclosed the structure and discovery journey of their oral small molecule PCSK9 inhibitor, AZD0780, during the ACS Fall 2024 First Time Disclosures session in Denver. Discover how the team identified a fragment hit targeting a previously unexplored pocket, verified its novel mechanism of action, and successfully advanced it into a clinical compound now in Ph. II trials for patients with dyslipidemia.

Arcus Biosciences recently disclosed the structure and discovery story of their oral HIF-2α inhibitor casdatifan (AB521) at the ACS Fall 2024 First Time Disclosures session in Denver. Read on to find out how the team overcame serum shifts and metabolism issues to deliver into the clinic what could potentially be a best-in-class compound, superior to the recently approved inhibitor, belzutifan.

Vorasidenib (AG-881) is a brain-penetrant allosteric inhibitor of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (mIDH1/2) from Agios and Celgene that made headlines summer 2023 due to its stunning efficacy for treatment of glioma in patients with mIDH1/2. This Featured Case Study reviews how it was discovered, how it works, and why it matters.

AbbVie’s ABBV-467 is a highly potent, selective MCL-1 (myeloid cell leukemia-1) inhibitor which entered the clinic in 2022 in a Ph. I trial in patients with advanced hematologic cancers. MCL-1 has had a rough time in the clinic with multiple trials being halted or terminated due to cardiac toxicity, which is suspected to be an on-target effect. AbbVie’s approach with ABBV-467 was to target a highly potent/short half-life compound which could induce rapid apoptosis and tumor regressions in a short exposure period before the onset of any adverse events. Is this the end for MCL-1?

To help you quickly scan the patent literature, we’ve distilled down thousands of new documents into a searchable table of over 200 selected patents focused on key areas in drug discovery, all published in June 2024. This resource is enriched with detailed highlights on selected molecules targeting high-interest areas such as synthetically lethal Polθ inhibitors, SARM1 inhibitors for neurodegenerative indications, and our best guess at the identity of Gilead’s small molecule GLP-1R agonist GS-4571

RMC-6236 is a non-covalent pan-RAS(ON) inhibitor from Revolution Medicines, which shows remarkable efficacy in tumors driven by RAS mutants that were previously considered “undruggable,” such as G12V/D/A/S, G13X, and Q61X. RMC-6236 exerts its action via a “tri-complex” mechanism, gluing RAS to the ubiquitously expressed chaperone protein, cyclophilin A. Our in-depth article covers the presentation given at the AACR 2024 meeting, which outlines the discovery and preclinical profile of RMC-6236 as well as the latest clinical updates.

Novartis’ HRO761 is an oral allosteric WRN helicase inhibitor, aimed at treating MSI-high and dMMR tumors. This article details the discovery of HRO761 and highlights the importance of selecting appropriate assays during early HTS as well as transferable medicinal chemistry strategies to optimize permeability and solubility through the modulation of LipE, neutral TPSA, chameleonicity, and non-classical zwitterions. It also explores the X-ray structure of HRO761 bound to WRN, how it differentiates from Vividion's VVD-214, its preclinical activity, clinical status, chemical synthesis, and more!

To help you quickly scan the patent literature, we’ve distilled down thousands of new documents into a searchable table of over 200 selected patents focused on key areas in drug discovery, all published in May 2024. This resource is enriched with detailed highlights on selected molecules targeting high-interest areas such as STING antagonists, WIZ degraders, RNA degraders, and macrocyclic amine-based OX2R modulators.

As part of our "Molecules of the Month" and "Molecule Roundup" series of articles, which bring you the most interesting drug discovery molecules published each month, by member request, we have brought together recently highlighted molecules into a single searchable table. This tool allows you to see longer term-industry trends in therapeutic areas, target selection and chemical matter to inspire ideas for your drug discovery pipeline.

Zuranolone (ZURZUVAE™) is an oral positive allosteric modulator of CNS GABA signaling developed by Sage Therapeutics, in collaboration with Biogen, which was approved in August 2023 by the FDA for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD). In 2019 Sage had received approval for brexanolone (ZULRESSO™), an IV formulation of the endogenous GABA PAM neurosteroid hormone for PPD, but an oral drug is expected to greatly increase access to treatment. Zuranolone was also investigated for major depressive disorder, although the FDA declined to extend approval for this indication.

The discovery that individuals with null mutations in the NaV1.7 exhibited pain insensitivity sparked interest in targeting NaV1.7 to potentially treat pain. Despite the potential of selectively inhibiting sodium channels like NaV1.7, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9 for pain management, developing selective inhibitors suitable for clinical use has proven challenging. This article complements our coverage of VX-548, NaV1.8 as a critical target in pain management, and our NaV1.8 compound roundup and provides a reminder of noteworthy preclinical and clinical NaV1.7 small molecule inhibitors as of April 2024.

February 2024 was filled with notable scientific achievements and partnerships. Gilead and Novartis inked billion-dollar acquisitions, and Novo Nordisk and NeoMorph agreed to a $1.46B deal to discover molecular glue degraders. Additionally, Vertex introduced a promising new treatment for cystic fibrosis that is potentially superior to Trikafta. Takeda also made strides by advancing their OX2R agonist TAK-861, for treating narcolepsy type 1, into Ph. III clinical trials. Read this news roundup for more details on these and other drug discovery news stories that you may have missed from Feb 2024

Nrf2/KEAP1 modulation has been pursued since the discovery that dimethyl fumarate and its metabolite protect CNS neurons via up-regulation of Nrf2-depdendent activities. Compounds with greater selectivity have been sought for many years, culminating with the approval of the KEAP1 inhibitor, omaveloxolone. Vividion disclosed their efforts to identify the covalent KEAP1 inhibitor, VVD-702. This ACS Spring 2024 disclosure is an excellent case study for covalent hit finding using chemoproteomics, covalent compound optimization, and the use of an uncommon but surprisingly stable covalent warhead.

Inaxaplin (VX-147), developed by Vertex, is an inhibitor of APOL1 channel activity currently in a Ph. II/III pivotal study for the treatment of chronic kidney disease caused by specific variants of the APOL1 gene. It was recently granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA and PRIME designation by the EMA. The discovery story, which is an excellent case study for the use of MetID. Inaxaplin has been called “the most important genomic-driven drug discovery for chronic kidney disease this century”, acting on a target with a fascinating human genetic validation story.

NaV1.8, a member of the voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) family, is predominantly expressed in peripheral sensory neurons. Based on rodent NaV1.8 knockout and knockdown studies and a 2012 report of gain-of-function mutations in humans, NaV1.8 has been linked to nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain, including chronic neuropathic pain. This compound roundup provides a historical recap of both preclinical and clinical NaV1.8 inhibitors that shaped the landscape for the new era of pain management we are witnessing today.

The impact of small and mid-sized biotech companies has become increasingly important. The shift from large pharma dominance to a biotech-driven era of drug discovery presents challenges to the traditional model of education for emerging medicinal chemists. Industry leader Dean Brown recently highlighted challenges for modern medicinal chemists starting in biotech who face fewer mentoring opportunities and are often propelled into leadership positions sooner than their counterparts in big pharma. Here we share how our team of former industry scientists at Drug Hunter can help.

NaV1.8 has become an industry focal point in the pursuit of pain therapeutics thanks to the success of Vertex’s selective inhibitor, VX-548, in Ph. III clinical trials for acute pain and Ph. II results in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Unlike opioid receptor modulation, NaV1.8 inhibition does not carry the same addiction risks in part due to its lack of expression in the brain. Following our recent review of the leading NaV1.8 inhibitor VX-548, this article provides more details on the history of target validation for NaV1.8 in pain and why this could be the new frontier for pain management.

Vertex’s VX-548 is a potential first-in-class, exquisitely selective, oral NaV1.8 inhibitor that recently captured headlines for its positive Ph. III data. With the ongoing opioid epidemic throughout the US, there is an urgent unmet medical need for non-addictive pain medications as alternatives to opioids. They plan to file an NDA by mid-2024 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute pain. This case study highlights what’s publicly known about Vertex’s journey in pain leading up to the Ph. III readout for VX-548, and why this is such a watershed moment for pain management.

GDC-1971 is an orally bioavailable allosteric inhibitor of the SHP2 phosphatase discovered by Relay Therapeutics, and in clinical development by Genentech both as a monotherapy and in combination with several anticancer therapies. SHP2 inhibitors are being hotly pursued since they may combine with numerous classes of clinically important agents. This article provides a primer on SHP2 as an oncology target, the disclosed molecules in the space, how RLY-1971 was identified, and what the industry is watching for.

STC15 is Storm Therapeutics' first-in-class and first-to-clinic inhibitor of the post-transcriptional RNA modifier, METTL3, which progressed from HTS hit to clinical development in less than three years. METTL3 inhibitors have been previously identified, but no METTL3 inhibitors have entered clinical development until now. In this article, we explore METTL3 as a therapeutic target, highlight the discovery story of STC15, its fascinating mechanism of action, provide the latest clinical development update, and much more.

There were several key clinical readouts in Dec. 2023 for small molecules in areas ranging from non-opioid pain management to sickle cell disease. While most results were positive, one pivotal trial led to a program discontinuation. This roundup highlights key data recently reported for selected molecules targeting NaV1.8, BTK, and more.

Last December, the pharmaceutical industry witnessed many important updates for clinical molecules, ranging from neurology-based therapies to anti-tumors and radiopharmaceuticals, in addition to the unfortunate discontinuations. In case you missed it, here is a recap of the most notable news updates in the pharma world for December 2023

An aldosterone synthase inhibitor, a pFOX inhibitor, a brain-penetrant MEK1/2 inhibitor, and several other modulators had major trial results disclosed recently. In case you missed them, this article rounds up key results of general industry interest, with representative patent structures for undisclosed molecules. Read this review to get a sneak peek at potential future approvals, as well as some informative disappointments.

Last November saw several notable updates for molecules we previously covered on Drug Hunter. These updates ranged from positive Ph. III results and NDA submission to failed clinical trials and discontinuation, for TTR, FXIa, GLP-1R modulators, and more. In case you missed it, this article is a round-up of these clinical updates from Nov. ’23.

RLY-2608 is an oral, mutant-selective PI3Kα allosteric inhibitor from Relay Therapeutics. Current FDA-approved PI3Kα modulator (alpelisib) and a clinically advanced molecule (inavolisib) are limited by their off-target toxicities associated with the inhibition of WT PI3Kα, leading to hyperglycemia and rash. RLY-2608 is currently in a Ph. I as a single agent and in combination with fulvestrant for HR+/HER2- breast cancer treatment. This article reviews the discovery of RLY-2608, its mechanism of mutant selectivity, how it compares to other molecules, recent clinical developments, and more.

Several multi-million dollar acquisitions or license agreements took place in November 2023 for hot drug targets, with assets from selective PARP1 inhibitors to GLP1R agonists, and others. This recent news roundup highlights the notable acquisitions by pharma companies for rights to molecules in a range of different indications, with illustrative patent examples for undisclosed structures.

Kymera's KT-474 is the first oral degrader to demonstrate activity in clinical trials outside cancer and Sanofi recently started a Ph. II trial with the molecule in AD, restoring life to IRAK4 as an immunology target. This article highlights why Kymera’s KT-474 program is scientifically notable, including how it differentiates from small molecule inhibitors, potential competitiveness with biologics, the first reported cryo-EM ternary complex of a heterobifunctional degrader, and why this 2023 Molecule of the Year Nominee will likely be considered a “landmark in drug discovery” for some time.

NT-0796 is NodThera's pro-drug inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NT-0796 is currently in a Ph. Ib/IIa trial in obese individuals at risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. NT-0796 has the potential to reduce neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease. The NLRP3 inflammasome has emerged as a hot target due to its connection to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, gout, and other diseases. Here is a detailed review of the role of NLRP3 inhibition in treating atherosclerosis, how NT-0796 was identified, and what makes it special, clinical development, and more.

KIN-3248 (Kinnate Biopharma) is a next-generation, irreversible, pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor (FGFRi) in a first-in-human (FIH) dose-escalation study (NCT05242822) in adults with advanced tumors harboring FGFR2 and FGFR3 gene alterations. The program is an excellent case study for rational covalent drug design to address kinase mutations while maintaining sufficient PK properties for oral daily dosing in humans.

Peptidic GLP-1R agonists have received significant media coverage over the past year for their astounding efficacy in several indications. GLP-1R agonists now appear to be efficacious in reducing heart disease risk and in treating certain chronic kidney diseases, expanding their likely future use. This review by Oliver Philps provides an overview of GLP-1 agonists and where they fit in the treatment of diabetes, how the peptide drugs evolved over time to today’s weight loss medications, and what to expect next...

Nuvalent’s lead compound, NVL-520, is an oral, brain-penetrant, TRK-sparing, and potential best-in-class ROS1 kinase inhibitor that recently entered Ph. II of the ARROS-1 trial (NCT05118789) in patients with advanced ROS1-positive NSCLC. This article highlights what makes the Nuvalent’s NVL-520 program scientifically notable, including what gives it a potential best-in-class profile as a ROS1 inhibitor, the emerging toxicology of hard-to-avoid off-targets, an interesting synthetic route to the small macrocycle, and more.

STX-478 is a wild-type-sparing, oral, CNS-penetrant, novel allosteric inhibitor of mutant PI3Kα (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase α) targeting a cryptic pocket near the ATP-binding site. PI3Kα plays a central role in many cancers, and has been recently highlighted in coverage of 2021 Molecule of the Year nominee and PI3Kα degrader inavolisib. Currently approved PI3Kα modulators are limited by their off-target activities on WT PI3Kα and other kinases, leading to significant side effects including hyperglycemia and rash.

Genentech’s GDC-6599 is the first oral TRP Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonist to reach Ph. IIa (NCT05660850) for chronic cough after preclinical studies and a Ph. I trial showed it was well-tolerated, in contrast to prior molecules. The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels has been the subject of intensive drug discovery efforts due to their critical role in the development and progression of pain, itch, and respiratory conditions.

JNT-517 is Jnana Therapeutics' first-in-class cryptic allosteric SLC6A19 inhibitor to treat phenylketonuria (PKU). This is a notable case study employing a novel lead generation approach with photoaffinity probes, leading to a clinical candidate for a historically challenging-to-drug target class. Read the case study to learn how Jnana used their RAPID technology to quickly generate allosteric inhibitor hits, the SAR that led to the discovery of JNT-517, and why the molecule is notable.

Jecure’s JT001 is a selective inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome and among the earlier compounds in this now highly competitive space. In 2018, Genentech bought Jecure Therapeutics for an undisclosed amount, gaining access to Jecure’s NLRP3 inhibitor JT001. While there are many other NLRP3 inhibitors now in the space, JT001 is an interesting example of an initial attempt to overcome liver toxicity with well-known NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. However, the molecule ran into its own kidney toxicity issues, making this an intriguing toxicology case study.

Obtaining adequate drug exposure in the brain is key to treating CNS diseases effectively. Recently, Dennis Koester gave us a crash course in CNS drug discovery in a Drug Hunter Flash Talk. Here, he sums up some key points on how to find compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier.

LRRK2 has been a hotly pursued drug target for Parkinson’s Disease based on human genetics. Clinical advancement of LRRK2 inhibitors was initially stalled by concerns about on-target lung findings in primates, but these were ameliorated by a Merck/Genentech/Pfizer/MJFF study showing that these lung changes were reversible, and Biogen/Denali has currently a small molecule (BIIB122/DNL151) in Ph. II (NCT05348785) after demonstrating safety and CNS exposure in 145 healthy patients in Ph. I (NCT04557800)

Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD) allows for elimination, rather than inhibition, of proteins by exploiting cells’ own protein clearance mechanisms. While traditional inhibitors can be very effective at preventing a protein from undertaking a particular function, blocking protein activity...

It's hard not to think about infectious diseases at the moment, but it's a great time to review the drug discovery literature. One area of drug discovery that has deep roots in infectious disease research is targeted covalent inhibition. Targeted covalent inhibitors form covalent bonds with discrete targets (as opposed to [...]

This article explains what LogD is, why LogD (or LogP) is important in drug discovery, rookie mistakes in drug discovery that come from overlooking LogD or LogP, and contains a LogD reference poster that shows the estimated amount of potency attributable to lipophilicity considerations alone. By Dennis Hu Jump to Cheat Sheet Lipophilicity is [...]