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  Phase II Drug Metabolism

  This article explains what Phase II drug metabolism is, contains a poster summarizing common enzyme-mediated bioconjugation reactions, and provides interesting examples of Phase II transformations and their impact on drug pharmacology. “As any biotransformation scientist will know, metabolism is not a binary function, and drugs can be cleared through multiple mechanisms,” says Dr. Julia Shanu-Wilson…

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  Minimum Viable Experiments with Imperfect Molecules: a Minipump Minireview

  Optimizing lead compounds to have drug candidate-like qualities are time-consuming and expensive. Oftentimes, critical drug discovery project questions, such as on-target pharmacology or toxicology, can be answered more efficiently with compounds that are “good enough,” saving teams time and further resource investment. This article discusses tools and strategies available to get desired in vivo pharmacology…

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  Why pKas Matter in Medicinal Chemistry and a Drug Discovery Amine pKa Table

  In this article, we highlight the importance of pKa values in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery and provide a reference poster of pKa values of common amines’ conjugate bases. Since amines are often a part of marketed drugs, knowledge of their pKas can provide guidance in the selection of basic moieties to match the desired…

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  Solid Form Strategies for Increasing Oral Bioavailability

  Small-molecule drug candidates are increasingly falling “beyond the rule of 5,” making oral administration more challenging. Optimizing a drug’s solid form can improve its solubility and bioavailability when further molecular modifications are prohibitive. This minireview covers solid form strategies for increasing the solubility and oral bioavailability of small-molecule drugs including: Cryo-milling Salt formation Spray drying…

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  Phase I Drug Metabolism

  This article explains what Phase I drug metabolism is, contains a poster summarizing common enzyme-mediated drug metabolism reactions, and provides interesting examples of phase I biotransformations and their impact on drug pharmacology. By Drake Anthony Russell, reviewed by Dr. Dian Su and Dr. Julia Shanu-Wilson. Thanks to Hypha Discovery for their support of this independently…